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» «
ANCIENT
ALPHABETS
AND
HIEROGLYPHIC CHARACTERS
EXPLAINED;
WITH AN
ACCOUNT OF THE EGYPTIAN PRIESTS,
THEIR CLASSES, INITIATION, AND
SACRIFICES,
IN THE ARABIC LANGUAGE
BY AHMAD BIN ABUBEKR BIN WAHSHIH;
AND IN ENGLISH
BY JOSEPH HAMMER,
SECRETARY TO THE IMPERIAL LEGATION
AT CONSTANTINOPLE.
LONDON :
PRINTED BY W.BULMER AND CO. CLEVELAND ROW;
AND SOLD BY G.AND W.NICOL, BOOKSELLERS TO HIS
MAJESTY, PALL-MALL.
1806.
^I8T0H(C41. ^
^•OlOAL I
TRANSLATOR’S PREFACE.
The original of this translation was found
at Cairo, where it had escaped the researches
of the French Savans, who, though successful
in collecting many valuable Oriental books
and manuscripts, failed in their endeavours
to procure a satisfactory explanation of the
Hieroglyphics. Literary, as well as military,
acquisitions excite great interest. After the
harvest of the members of the French
Institut, the less expectation there was of
gleaning with success in the field of Egyptian
literature, the greater satisfaction a discovery
B
translator’s pretace.
• »
n
Jikc this must give, and the more the acqui-
sition of such a manuscript, equally new
and interesting, deserves to be appreciated.
The account of its contents and author is
as follows: — The author lived a thousand
years ago, in the time of the axYit' Abdul Malik
Bin Marwdn. His surnames would be suf-
ficient to prove that he was a Caldean, A«-
hatJiean, or perhaps a Syrian by birth, if he
did not tell us himself that he translated a
work treating on the hieroglyphics and secrets
of Hermes, from his mother-tongue, the Na- .
hathean, into Arabic.
AH Ahdur-rashid Alha-Jwi/i informs us in his
Geography of Egypt (extracts of which are
given' by citizen Marul in the Egyptian
decade) that in the year two hundred and
five and twenty of the Hegira, a book was
found in Egypt containing a notice of the
construction of the pyramids and other Egyp-
tian antiquities, written in unknown characters,
and translated at last by a monk of the con-
vent of Calmoon. This discovery proves to
T U A N S L A T 0 11 ’ S PR E F ACE.
iil
be coeval with the time our author wrote his
book, which was finished in the year two
hundred and forty one.
It is very likely that he had the means of
perusing this translation of the Monk.
He deposited the original of the book be-
fore us (as we are acquainted by himself) in
the library of the calif above-mentioned.
This jirince (one of the most enlightened of
his d3masty) rivalled his great jiredecessors
Tlarun Arrashkl and M6m{m in the encou-
ragement given to the progress of the sciences,
and to the translation of mathematical and
philosophical works from the Greek and
Syriac into Arabic.
Clialahizaacle Uatlshi Khalfo, the great
Oriental enc^xlopaedist and bibliographer,
gives us in his Bibliographical Dictionaiy an
account of the works of our author, and
mentions him as one of the most celebrated
translators that ever enlarged the empire of
Arabic literature bj^ precious translations from
foreign languages.
IV
translator’s preface.
riavino; thus made the reader accjuainted
with the merits of the author, it becomes ne-
cessary to say every thing that niay be con-
sidered essential on the merits of the work it-
self; independent of the praises which have
been bestowed on it by different Arabic au-
thors, who never mention it without ex-
pressing the utmost regard for it. '
Thouo-h accordino; to the Arabic title it is
supposed to contain only the explanation of
unknown alphabets, it gives beside a key to
the hieroglyphics, and in the same chapter a
curious account of the different classes of the
Egyptian priests, their initiation and sacrifices ;
so that we may consider its contents under
these three heads.
Although it is difficult to say how many of
the eighty alphabets herein deciphered may
have been really used by nations, or how
many letters in every one alphabet may have
been disfigured and misrepresented either by
the want of sufficient information in our
author himself, or by the ignorance and
translator’s preface.
V
blunders of the copyists; yet it is not pre-
sumption to assert, that real truth lies at
the bottom of most of them, and that those
which were not alphabets for common wTiting,
were used as ciphers amongst different
Oriental nations. The proof of which is evi-
dent from the circumstance, that some among
these alphabets are used even at this day
amongst Turks, Arabs, and Persians, as a kind
of secret cipher for writing, without being
understood by the generality. The commonest
of them is the alphabet called by the author
the tree alphabet.
The first three alphabets of the first chapter,
viz. the Ciijlc, Maghrahin, and Numeral^ or In-
dian alphabet, are universally known.
Cujic inscriptions are found through the
whole extent of the ancient empire of the
Arabs, in Arabia, Persia, Syria, Egypt, Sicily,
and Spam.
. The Maghrabin or Andalusian alphabet is
the common character used at this moment
in Morocco, and throughout the northernmost
part of Africa.
VI
translator’s preface.
The numeral or Indian character is known
to every true Arab or Persian, and to many
Europeans ; it is also known that in many of
the Oriental languages, as well as in the
Greek, al[)habetical letters are used for num-
bers. The numerical signs, (called by us
Arabic, and by the Arabs more properly In-
dian numbers) used vice versa for letters, form
an alphabet, which is generally known, and
particularly used in the daftarddrn, or treasury
office, for accounts.
The seven alphabets contained in the se-
cond chapter merit the utmost attention from
every Orientalist. The Hebrew, Syrian and
Grech are already known to us; the Nabathean
and Masnad or Hirnydric we have heard of
in history; but the Lacam and Cerrebian
alphabets are unknown even by name.
The difference of the Hebrew, Sju’ian, and
Greek letters from the usual alphabets of
these languages may be, perhaps, mere mis-
takes of the copyist, but in spite of this
conjecture, they deserve the elosest examina-
tion, for the author, by birth a Caldean or
TRANSLATOH’S PREFACE.
• 4
VI I
Nabathean, must have been well acquainted
with the original form of these alpliabets.
The llinujaric or Masnad alphabet is very
often mentioned in Oriental and iairopean
books, but this is the first specimen which
has appeared of it."^
Whether the Barrahi alphabet is the al-
phabet of the people called Barrahars, or
whether the Lacami alphabet is originally an
Abyssinian one, are questions difficult to
decide.
The alphabets of the third, fourth, fifth,
sLrth, and seventh chapters, bearing the names
of planets, constellations, philosophers, and
kings may be considered as so many Oriental
ciphers, which, at the time they were col-
lected in this book, were, perhaps, named
* As to the Himyaric letters, or those w hich are
mentioned by the name of Almasnad we are still in total
darkness, the traveller Niebuhr having been unl’ortunatelv
prevented from visiting some ancient monuments in Yemen
which are said to have inscriptions on them.”
Sir William Jones’s fourth anniversary Discourse.
Vlll
translator's preface.
after some celebrated men, to whom their
invention was ascribed. The names them-
selves (as is commonly the case in all transla-
tions from a foreign language into Arabic)
are so strangely altered and disfigured, that
it was possible, but in very few cases, to
guess the real meanino* of them, and to Ira ns-
late them with the true original name.
The Mimslim, antidikivian, or primeval al-
phabet deciphered in the last chapter, is
highly interesting ; for it shows the transition
of the hieroglyphics from being signs ex-
pressive of Avords to the signification of
simple letters ; and the existence of such a
liieroglyphical alphabet is sufficiently proved
by the observations made on old Egyptian
monuments; it shows, at the same time, the
different modifications of the old Syrian and
Cal dean alphabets.
It is left to the reader to make the com-
parison between these characters and the
known Oriental alphabets.
Vi C proceed noAV to the hicrogl^^phics called
translator’s PREFACr.
ix
in Arabic ITermesian alphabets,' from Hermes,
■who, according to Oricnlal history, was the
first king of the ancient Egyptians. It is
impossible to clear up entirely the darkness
in which the history of this triple Hermes is
involved. He is, however, evidenlly the
Hermes Trismegistus of the Greeks, and pos-
.sibly the same with the triple Rama of the
Indians. .
The old kings of Egypt are comprehended
by us under the general name of Pharaohs.
The Oriental historians divide them into three
dynasties, viz. 1. the Hermesian ; 2. the Pha-
raohs; and 3. the Coptic or propei’ly Egyptian
kings. To the first, and particularly to Hermes
the threefold himself, they ascribe the tombs,
catacombs, temples, palaces, pyramids, obe-
lisks, sphinxes, and all the royal, funeral, re-
ligious, and astronomical monuments, which
astonish the traveller in Upper Egypt. But
incapable of distinguishing them, or of
finding out their true appro|>riation, they
believe 'all of them to have been constructed
c
X
translator’s preface.
for the purpose of hiding treasures, of raising
spirits, of telling fortunes and future events,
of performing chemical operations, of at-
tracting affection, of repelling evils, or of
indicating approaching enemies; and they
call them, according to these supposed pur-
poses, treasure chambers, conjuring buildings,
astrological tables, alchemical monuments,
magical spells, talismans, and magic alarm-
posts.
The secrets of the contents of these monu-
ments, or of the arts by means of which they
are erected, were expressed, as they believe,
by the hieroglyphics upon them, which being
invented by Henries, and kept secret by his
descendants, were called the Hermesian al-
phabet.*
This specimen of Oriental writers being
to us, it IS difficult eithei to confiini
* This idea of impervious secrecy is obvious in the ex-
pression come down to us of a thing being hermetically
closed or sealed.
As there occurs in the course of the manuscript a great
translator’s preface.
XI
or to contradict the explanation of our
author.
The most reasonable objections which can
be made against the explanation of many of
the hieroglyphics is counterbalanced by the
evident truth, that a great many of them are
known to have been invariably used in
astronomy and chemistry for expressing the
same objects ; if the meaning of some of them
does not prove satisfactory, there are others,
to the truth of which no important objection
number of words relative to magical arts and charms, we
submit here to the reader the translation of the principal
ones:
Treasure chambers.
Conjuring buildings.
Astrological tables.
Alchemical monuments.
Magical spells.
Talismans.
!Magic alarm-posts.
Inscriptions.
Secrets of the stars.
Conjuring spirits.
Fumigations.
Compounds; philtres.
Alcheniistry.
The knowledge of spirits.
Planet-rinsrs.
O
Magic black-art.
Magician.
Soothsayer.
Priest.
Py ram ids.
Secrets, mysterious things.
2
translator's preface.
xii
can be made. Such are ihe liieroglyp^hics men-
tioned to have been represented on the tombs
for conve3nng to posterity the character, mode
of life, and death of the person buried therein.
The seven figures (see hieroglyphics, original
p. 124,) said to have been engraved on the
tombs of men killed by violent death, show
evidently the different modes of it: light-
ning, decollation, bite of a serpent, death by
a hatchet, by poison, by a poniard, or by
strangulation. The same concordance be-
tween the hieroglyphical sign, and the object
meant, will be discovered b}" a close inspec-
tion of the four tables of hieroglyphics.
It will be sufficient to mention here a single
instance of original merit, and a true disco-
very made by this manuscript, viz. the name
of one of the most interesting hieroglyphics,
which, after the explanation given by the au-
thor, is evidently what Kircher calls ani'ma
mundi, but the ancient name of which never
has yet been explained. It is written Bahumid,
and translated into ilrabic by the word calf.
translator's preface.
xill
It is superfluous lo recall here to the me-
mory of the reader the great antiquity and
mysterious sense of the idolatrous veneration
in which this calf has been continually held.
It is superfluous to repeat any thing that has
been said on the worship of Apis in Eirypt,
renewed by the Israelites in the worship of
the calf, and preserved at this moment in
the mysterious rites of the Druses. Let us
remember only a circumstance which shows
wonderfully the concordance and relation of
the name of Bahumid and its translation.
Bahumed or Bahumet is related in the
History of the Templars to have been one of
their secret and mysterious formulas, with
which they addressed the idol of a calf in
their secret assemblies. Different etymo-
logical explanations and descriptions of this
word have been brought forward, but none
surely so satisfactory as this, which proves
that the lemplars had some acquaintance
with the hieroglypliics, probably acquired in
XIV
translator’s preface.
If, therefore, the explanation of the hiero-
glyphics given in this book deserves attention,
the account of the four classes of Egyptian
priests, their initiation, and sacrifices, is no
less interestino;.
In what a curious and new light do the
catacombs of Sacara, containing the mummies
of birds, appear by the account of those
animals being embalmed at the initiation of
the priests, wrapped up in a greater or lesser
quantity of linen, and deposited in pits?
How evident does it become that the
Judaic law of the first-born being offered to
the Lord on the temple’s threshold, is of Egyp-
tian origin?
How interesting would it be to ascertain
whether any of the thirty-two inscriptions
seen by the author near Bagdad are actually
to be found, or whether the shape of the
letters of some pieces of poetry found by
modern travellers in the neighbourhood of
the ruins of Babylon, bear any resemblance
to the Chaldean, Nabathean, Sabean, or Cnrdic
translator's preface.
XV
alphabets ? Certain it is that, though reason
and fancy, truth and fable, may have con-
tributed an equal share to the composition
of this book, it must be considered notwith-
standing as one of the most curious, the most
interesting, and the most valuable manu-
scripts that have been found among the trea-
sures of the East ; and the translation, it is
hoped, will be thought an acceptable gift to
the curious and learned.
Having lately found in the bibliographical
work of Hadji Calfa, and in another Encyclo-
pedia, some notices about the author of this
Treatise, and some other of his works, I have
judged that a transcript of them, with a
translation, would not be uninteresting in this
place.
In the bibliographical and encyclopedia!
work of Hadji Calfa, entitled,
i. e. Elucidation of the Names of
Books and Sciences, we find under the article
Philosophy, where the names of the
most famous translators under the califs are
XVI
.translator's preface.
enumerated, the following passage:
J cr^ WaIISHIII WHS
employed in translating from the Nahathean into
Arabic.
In another encyclopedia! work, the title
of which is, 4
zvell-arranged Pearls of scientific Instruction,
we become acquainted with the titles of some
other curious works translated by our author.
Under the article is the following pas-
sage : ^
And among the oldest books upon this
science is the Sidrat ul muntahi, (The Tree of
Paradise) translated hij Ibn Waiishiii from
the Nabathean,
In the same work under the head fc.
Natural Magic, (which they distinguish from
or Supemiatural Magic,) we are told that
Natural Magic is divided into two branches,
the first treating of the knowledge of the
particular properties of plants, metals, ani-
mals, &c.; and the second, of the composition
and construction of artificial machines; after
translator's preface.
XVI I
which ihe author says — d ^ ^
4li3 f^\ Afiwng the
hooks written on the first branch is that entitled
Taafimit, that is Put rif act ions, translated from
the Nahathean hy Ibn Wahshiii.
Finally under the head of ^ Science of
Agriculture, as the most classicalof all books
is (Quoted ^ The Agricul-
ture of the Nahatheans, a translation of Ibn
Wahshiii. A copy of this work, if I am
not mistaken, may be found in the Bodleian
Library at Oxford. See also Herbelot under
the word Falahat,
Since writing the above, I have discovered
that this rare book w^as not unknown to Kir-
cher, who in his work on the Hieroglyphies,
under the first paragraph, Occasio hujus opeiis,
says: « Quatuor lustra jam prope eguntur —
Ai quo — Romam ut in obeliscis Romanis spe-
D
xviii translator’s preface.
‘‘ cimen quoddam exhiberem hierogljpliicae
“ interpretalionis, e Gallia vocor, cujus lit-
“ teratura3 liiiciisque incognitae ex pervelusto
“ Arabico coclice inslaurationcm me nioliri
“ fama ferebalur.”
And farther below in the same epistola
pamndica talking of his means, and naming
different authors, he concludes the enumera.
lion by saying ; “ quos inter principcm san^
locum obtinet Aben Vaschia” Then again
page 109 in the text naming his Arabic au-
thors— “ Gelaledden, Aben Kegel, et Abe?i
“ VaJischia de culture ^gyptiorum, et libro
“ de antiquitatae vitee, moribus, lilteris vete-
“ rum i^^gyptiorum, quos penes me Jiabeo,
“ ex quibus baud cxiguum ad Hieroglyphi-
“ cum institutioncm subsidium allalum est.”
And then: “ Nam Aben TVahscIiia — primus
^ iEgyptios libros in linguam Arabicam traris-
tulit, quern nos Melitae inter spolia Tur-
“ corum repostum singular! Dei providently
“ arabicum reperimus.”
Now though these quotations shew that the
translator’s preface. xix
manuscript was not, as T supposed, unknown,
yet they enhance the value of it by the worth
attached to it by a man like Kircher. The
same work is now I believe at Pans, where
there has lately been a great talk of the ma-
nuscript alphabets at the imperial library
tiansported from Ilo?ne; which renders the
publishing of it in England the more interest-
ing. Kircher found his copy at Malta amongst
the Turks, and I this at Cairo amongst the
Arabs.
The author mentions his having deposited
this work in the treasury of Abdohnelic in the
year 214.. Now the Calif just named reigned
in the middle of the first century of the Hejira,
and unless there was a public establishment
of treasury or library founded by that Calif,*
and still bearing his name, wherein Ibn
IVahshih may have deposited it in the year
214, long after the death of the Calif, it is im-
possible to reconcile those dates, particularly
as all my endeavours to find anywhere else
the time wherein Ibn IVahshih lived, have
proved fruitless.
XX
translatou's preface:
The following Table shewing the powers
of the Arabic letters in Roman characters
will Ire useful to those who may not be ac-
qiuirinted with lliein.
\ alif has the power of A.
bd
ditto
B.
lZJ td
ditto
T.
ditto
S, by some pronounced like th in the
English word think.
^ nm has the power
of J, English.
c.
^ hd
ditto
H) very much aspirated.
i IM
ditto
KH, a guttural sound like the German cA.
j ddl
ditto
D.
J zdl
ditto
Z, by some pronounced like ih in the
English word those.
^ j rd
ditto
R.
j
ditto
Z.
^ sin
, ^ shin
ditto
S.
ditto
SH, English.
sdd
, ditto
S, with a strong effort from the throat.
o
zdd
ditto
Z, with a strong effort from the throat,
by some pronounced like a d with
a guttural sound.
L td
ditto
T, with a guttural sound.
zd
ditto
Z, with a guttural sound.
' ^ «?/»
ditto
A, with a strong effort from the throat.
/ •
translator’s preface.
XXI
^ ghayn has the power of GH, or rather the Northumbrian R.
ditto
F.
■i kdf
ditto
K, very hard.
kdf ditto
K»
J Idm
ditto
L.
A mhn
ditto
M.’
» ,
^ nun
ditto
N.
. vcdw
ditto
\V and u.
s hd
ditto
H soft.
yd
ditto
Y and \*
\
• c
AN
EXPLANATION
OF
N
«
ANCIENT ALPHABETS AND
HIEROGLYPHICS,
&c. &c.
4
.♦ «
I '
#.Ii» - •’# '•X
r*
!, »
■4 i*i ■ .
W.*iv
iAij _ .. -
- . . -. V.I ^lir-’.'
w ■
AUTHOR’S PREFACE.
Praise to God, and health to his servants, who
have pure hearts. Amen ! My object is to col-
lect the rudiments of alphabets used by antient
nations, doctors and learned philosophers in their
books of science, for the use of the curious and
studious, who apply themselves to philosophical
and mystic sciences.
Each alphabet is represented in its old shape
and form, the original name of it recorded, and
the power of the characters written underneath
with red ink’*' in Arabic letters, to the end that
they may be better distinguished.
I have arranged the work in chapters, and
entitled it. The long desired Knowledge oj occult
Alphabets attained. With the aid of God i
* This distinction, for obvious reasons, has not been imitated
in the printed copy.
%
I
^ if#
t A i* SCJ
«
«
|i
[ 3 ]
AN
EXPLANATION
OF
ANCIENT ALPHABETS AND
HIEROGLYPHICS, &c.
CHAPTER I.
The three usual (Oriental) alphabets^ viz: the Cufic,
the Maghrabin, and the Indian.
Section I. The Cufic alphabet. Our Lord
Ismael (peace be with him !) was the first who spoke
Arabic, and who wrote the Cufic, of which
nine different sorts were used. The ground of all
of them is the Cufic alphabet, known by the name
of Suri. (See page 4 of the Arabic text beginning
from the right.)
Section II. ThQ Maghrabin (western) or Anda-
lusian alphabet, (v; orig. p. 5.)
Section HI. The Indian alphabet of three
different sorts, (v. orig. p. 6, 7, 8.)
CHAPTER II.
The seven most celebrated old alphabets.
Section I. The alphabet, (v, orig. p. 9.)
Section II. The old JSTabathean alphabet, (v.
orig. p. 10 )
Section III. The Hebrew alphabet, (v. orig,
p. 11.)
Section IV. The Berrabian alphabet, (v. orig.
p. 12.)
Section V. The Lukumian alphabet, (v. orig,
p. 13.)
Section VI. The Musnad or [Hamjraritic) al-
phabet, (v. orig. p. 14 )
Section VII. The Greek alphabet, commonly
called the alphabet of the philosophers, (v. orig,
p. 15.)
CHAPTER III.
• The particular Alphabets (or rather fyphersj oj the
seven most celebrated Philosophers.
Section I. The alphabet of Hermes., (v. orig.
p. 16.)
Section II. The alphabet of Cleomenes^ (v.
orig. p. 17.)
Section III. The alphabet of Plato, (v. orig.
p. 18.)
Section. IV. The alphabet of Pythagoras, (v.^
orig. p. 19.)
Section V. The alphabet of Scalinus, (v. orig.
p. 20.)
Section VI. The alphabet of Socrates, (v. orig.
p. 21.)
Section VII. The alphabet of Aristotle, (v.
orig. p. 22.)
CHAPTER IV.
The four~and- twenty Alphabets, (or rather Cyphers,)
that were used after the seven preceding, ly the most
celebrated Philosophers and learned Men,
Section I. The alphabet of Belinos, the phi-
losopher, (v. orig. p. 23.)
Section II. Another Berrabian alphabet in-
vented by the philosopher Soorid, (v. orig. p. 24.)
Section III. The alphabet of the philosopher,
Pherenlius, who wrote therewith his philosophical
books, (v. orig. p. 25.)
[6]
Section IV. The Moallak, or suspended al-
phabet, invented by Ptolomj^ the Greek, (v. orig.
p. 26.)
Se CTioN V. The Marboot or connected alpha-
bet, invented by Marconos ? the philosopher. He
wrote therewith books on talismans^ (v. orlg. p.
21.)
Section VI. The Giorgian alphabet, invented
by philosopher Marjands^ (v. orig. p. 28.)
Section VII. The old JV'abathean alphabet,
(v. orig. p. 29.)
Section VIII. The red alphabet, invented
and used by the philosopher Magnis^ (v. orig. p.30.)
Section IX. The Talisman alphabet, invented
by the Greek philosopher Ghdmighdshir ? (v. orig.
p. 31.)
Section X. The mysterious alphabet, invented
by Heliaosh ? the Greek philosopher, who used
it in his books, (v. orig. p. 32)
Section XI. The alphabet of Cosloodjis the
Greek philosopher. He wrote in this alphabet,
three hundred and sixty books on divinity, talis-
mans, astrology, magic, influence of planets and
fixed stars, and on the conjuration of spirits, (v.
orig. p. 33.)
Section XII. The alphabet of Hermes Aboolat
the philosopher. He wrote on the noble art (of
philosophical secrets.) He constructed in upper
Egypt treasure chambers, and set up stones con-
taining magic inscriptions, which he locked, and
guarded by the charm of this alphabet, extracted
from the regions of darkness, (v. orig. p. 34.)
Section XIII. The alphabet of Colpliotorios
the philosopher. He was deeply learned in the
knowledge of spirits and cabalistic spells, in
talismans, astrological aspects, and in the magic
and black art. Philosophers and learned men
have used this alphabet in their books and writings
in preference to others, on account of its different
extraordinary qualities, (v. orig. p. 35.)
Section XIV. The alphabet of Syoiirianos
the pliilosopher, (v. orig. p. 36.) He Avrote in
this alphabet on astronomy, and the secrets of
the stars ; on talismans, and their qualities ; on
magic alarm-posts ; on the effects of planet-rings ;
and on the invocation and conjuration of spirits.
Section XV. The alphabet of Philaos the
philosopher, (v. orig. p. 37.) He invented mira-
culous fumigations, marvellous compounds, talis-
mans, and astrological tables. Pie constructed the
treasure-chambers in the pyramids, and guarded
them with the charm of Avonderful alarm-posts.
Section XVI. The alphabet of Dioscorides
the philosopher, commonly called the Tree al-
, phabet, (v. orig. p. 38.) He wrote on trees,
shrubs, and herbs, and of their secret, useful, and
noxious qualities in this alphabet, used since in
their books by different philosophers.
Section XVII. The Davidian alphabet, (v.
orig. p. 38.) This alphabet was particularly used
in India, and by many learned men in their writ-
ings on medicine, philosophy, and politics. It
is one of the most celebrated alphabets.
Section XVIII. The alphabet of
the philosopher, (v. orig. p. 40.) The Greek
philosophers delighted very much in this alpha-
bet, making use of it for the secrets and mysteries
of their wisdom. They believed it to be the same
with the Mercurial alphabet extracted from the
regions of darkness.
Section XIX. The alphabet of the Cophtic
Egyptian philosophers, (v. orig. p. 4I.) In this
they noted their calculations and indications, and
wrote the inscriptions on their treasuries, and the
secrets of divinity. Kophhini^ one of Noah’s de-
scendants, invented this alphabet. It is even now
used in calculation.
Section XX. The Farganian alphabet, (v.
[ 9 1
orig. p. 42.) It was invented by seven Roman
philosophers, who wrote a great number of books
on cliymistry, magic, and medicine. Their prin-
cipal was Diojdnes, the great Roman king. Th is
alphabet was much celebrated in his time, but is
now forgotten.
O
Section XXL The alphabet of Zosimus, a
Jew philosopher, (v. orig. p. 43.) This alphabet
was very much refined by the Hebrew philoso-
ph ers, who made use of it for writing their holy
books deposited in Jerusalem.
Section XXII. The alphabet of Marshol the
philosopher, (v. orig. p. 44.) He was a wise and
learned man, w'ho wrote on different arts and
sciences.
Section XXIII. The alphabet of Arcadjinis
the Greek philosopher, (v. orig. p. 45.) He in-
vented a great number of wonderful compounds,
fumigations, royal theriacs, medicines, and effec-
tual remedies.
Section XXIV. The alphabet of Pialo ibe
Greek philosopher, (v. orig. p. 46.) It is said
that each letter of this alphabet had different im-
ports, according to the affair and thing treated
of.
F
I 10 ]
CHAPTER V.
Jriie Alphabets of the Seven Planets.
Section I. The alphabet of Saturn, (v. orio-.
p. 47.) ^
Section II. The alphabet ol Jupiter, (v. oriv,
p. 48 )
Section III. Tlie alphabet of Mars, or philo-
sopher Behram, (v. orig. p, 49.)
Section IV. The alphabet of the sun, the
lord of heaven, (v. orig. p. 50.)
Section V. The alphabet of Venus, Anaitis,
the celestial dancer, (v. orig. p. 51.)
Section VI. d he alphabet of MLercur^ or
Pleimes, the secietary of heaven, ^v. orig, p, 52.)
Section VII. The alphabet of the moon,
(v. orig. p. 53.)
CHAPTER VI.
The Alphabets oj the Pwclve Constellations.
Section I. The alphabet of Ai ies, under the
influence of Mars, (v. orig. p. 54.)
[ 11 1
Section II. The alphabet of Taurus, umier
the inOuence q[ Venus, (v. orig. p. 55-)
Section III, The alphabet of the Gemini,
under the influence of Mercmy, (v. orig. p. 66.)
Section IV. The alphabet of Cancer, under
the influence of the Moon, (v. orig. p. 57.)
Section V. The alphabet of Leo, under tlie
influence of the Sun, (v. orig. p. 58.)
Section VI. The alphabet of the Virgin, in-
fluenced by Mercury, (v. orig. p. 59.)
Section VII. The alphabet 0^ Libra, (v. orig.
p. 60.)
Section. VIII. The alphabet of Scorpio, [v.
orig. p, 61.) riiis alphabet was very much used
by the Chaldeans in their impressions on hidden
treasures, and in their books and writin2;s con-
cerning the secret influence of the planet Mars.
This alphabet was transmitted by spiritual inspi-
ration through Marshirnine to the soothsaver
Arbiasios, the JYabathean.
Section IX. The alphabet, of Sagillarius,
influenced by Jupiter, (v. orig. p. 62.)
Section X. The alphabet of Capricorn
under the influence of Saturn, (v. orig. p. 63.)
This alphabet was particularly appropriated to
the use of the Babylonian and Persian philoso-
phers, who kept it as a great secret. It^was dis-
[ 12 ]
covered after their extinction in tlieir books, car-
ried away by the Greeks. The Egyptian philoso-
phers used it afterwards in their astronomical
works.
Section XL The alphabet of the sign Aquarius,
under the influence of Saturn^ (v. orig. p. 64.)
-It was particularly used by the Chaldeans and
Sabeans in their incantation books, and also in their
inscriptions relative to the science of spirits.
Section. XII. The alphabet of Pisces, (v.
orig. p. 65.)
CHAPTER VII.
Alphabets of ancient Kings, viz : the Kings of Syria,
the Hermesian Kings of Egypt, the Pharaohs, the
Canaanites, Curds, Casdanians, Persians and
Cophts.
Section I. The alphabet of king the
Syrian, (v. orig. p. 68.) In this alphabet he wrote'
all his books on the minutias of divinity, and
natural law.
Section II. The alphabet of king Resiut, the
Egyptian Pharaoh, (v. orig. p. 69.) He const»-ucted
wonderful talismans and magical alarm-posts.
All of them in this ancient alphabet.
[ >3 ]
Section IIL The alphabet of king Limas the
Hermesian, (v. orig. p- 70.) He wrote two hun-
dred books on astronomy, on the secrets of physic,
and on the qualities of plants and minerals.
Section IV. The alphabet ol king
(v. orig. p. 71.) He was a i’amous soothsayer,
deeply experienced in philosophy and divinity.
He wrote more than a thousand books on other
sciences.
Section V. The alphabet of king 1 abennos
the soothsayer, (v. orig. p. 72.) One of the alpha-
bets used by the Pharaohs in their inscriptions.
Section VI. The alphabet of king Diosmos^
the Egyptian, (v. orig. p. 73«) He was one ol the
Pharaohs most renowned for magic, talismans,
and astrolo2;ical tables.
Section VII. The alphabet of king Berhemios
the Egyptian, (v. orig. p. 74-) This is one of the
oldest alphabets used by the magicians and Pha-
raohs in Egypt; and it was transferred from these
to the soothsayers of India and China.
Section VIII. The alphabet of king Saaa^
the soothsayer, (v. orig. p. 75-) He was one of the
seven magicians, who were at the same time kings,
doctors, soothsayers, magicians, and philosophci s.
[ 14 ]
who governed and cultivated Egypt, and built the
great towns subsisting till this day-
SiccTioN IX. Tlie alpliabet of king Belie, 's,*
(V. ong. p. 76.) He built a town four farsan<rs
long, lull of admirable works, and wrote a <rrett
number of books in this alphabet.
Section X. The alphabet of king Cojiklrim,
the Egyptian, (v. orig. p. 77,) He w^s a great
master in the art of constructing talismans and
admirable alarm-posts, treasure spells, and wonder-
ful images. He wrote an Encyclopedia of all
sciences in this alpliabet.
CHAPTER VIII.
The Jlhhabets called Hermesian, viz. of the Disci-
j)les oj Elermes, or the first dynasty of the Kint^s in
Egypt, as we find them in the Wrilmrs o7 the
Ancients. " '
Everyone of these kings invented, accordin<r
lie was perhaps the founder of an old Egyptian town, near
HcUm>h, thy ;uins of which have been found by the French. See
the first Volume of the Decade Fgyptienne.
[ 15 ]
to Ills own genius and understanding, a particular
alphabet, in order tliat none should know them
but the sons of wisdom. Few, therefore, are
found who understand them in our time. They'
took the figures of different instruments, trees,
plants, quadrupeds, birds, or their parts, and of
planets, and fixed stars. In this manner these
hieroglyphical alphabets became innumerable,
like the alphabets of the Indians and Chinese.
They were not arranged at all in the order of our
letters a, h, c, d, but they liad proper chaiacters
agreed upon by the inventors of these alphabets,
and which differed in their figure and order, viz.
they expressed water by A/Ws They understood
the secrets of nature, and endeavoured to express
every thing by an appropriate sign, so that they
might express it by its appearance.
Others followed the simple rules of geometry,
deriving one alphabet from another, as the Coofic
has been derived from the Sjrian, the Hebrew
from the Chaldean^ the Latin from the Greek, and
others, in this manner, from some original. Who-
soever wishes to become acquainted with all the
nice points of the knowledge of alphabets, may
inquire for the book entitled Solution of Secrets
and Key of Treasures by jfaber Hayan Essoofi, who,
[ 16 ]
enters into all the necessary explanations and de-
tails of this art. Our object is only to mention
the most celebrated of these alphabets of the
llermesians, (or hieroglyphics,) and to indicate
their particular qualities; for nobody is capable
of giving a satisfactory explanation of them all.
God directs all things for the best.
Section I. Alphabet of the philosopher
Hermes the cireat.
O
This alphabet is used on the Obelisks^ the Pj^ra-
77iids, the iusodption tables and stones ; the temples^
and other old buildings, from the time of the first
Pharaohs. It does not consist in a series of letters
like other alphabets, but in expressions composed
according to the arrangement made by Hermes
the great. These expressions consist in innumera-
ble figures and signs, which are to lead the mind
directly, and immediately to the object expressed
thereby, viz: there is a sign which signifies the
name of God Almighty, simply and alone. If
they wished to express one of the particular attri-
butes of God they added something to the original
sign, and preceded in this manner, as you will
perceive by the alphabet in question.
It is divided into three series, beside the celes-
tial or supernatural objects. Let us begin with the
[ 17 ]
celestial objects, and the figures by which they
were expressed in the Hermesian languao-e repre-
sented as we have found them.
God. The Almighty. The All-Clement.
The Avenger.
#
The All-Powerful,
The All-Merciful. The Nourisher.
The Destroying.
The Living.
The Omniscient.
Angel.
Light.
Darkness. World.
Saturn. Jupiter. Mars.
G
Venus. Mercury. Aries.
^ * >4^
Taurus. Gemini.
\jr
Cancer.
Leo,
Virgo.
•-e -ffl
Libra. Scorpio.
Sagittarius. Capricorn. Aquarius,
Pisces. Fire.
AAW ‘ 8
Water. Earth.
The Four Elements,
These are the figures of such of the celestlah
hieroglyphics, as we have been able to find and
make out ; and now we are going to represent the
three other classes, according to promise, with all
the different figures of the Mermesian alphabets,
or hieroglyphics.
[ 19 ]
THE FIRST SERIES.
Hieroglyphics to express Words relative to Animal
Actions and Affections,
f) . ^ ^ . zj . ^ . [][]
Life, Death. Richness, Poverty,. Man. Woman.
^
Physical Good. Physical Evil. Moral Good, Moral Evil.
Joy. Sorrow. Weeping. Intellects.
Sin.
Spirit.
A
Body.
n • « • e
Motion. Rest. Sleep.
• • =
• AAA •
Being Awake. Stupidity. Sagacity. Action. Stroke,
[ 20 3
0 • Y •■ § • |ci • ^
Oblivion. Understanding. Humility. Will. Obedience.
Cunning.
01
• •
m
bd • J4-
Hidden.
Mad.
Sick,
©
Well.
Offending. Cutting. Hanging.
Fortune. Science. Ignorance.
Error.
bnii
Violent death. Imprisonment. Secret.
n
Strong.
Time. Hour.
©
Truth.
• • t:?
False. Number. Geometry. Government. Destruction.
Building. Stone.
T • 0 • F
Tree.
Jewel.
Bone.
I
[ 21 ]
M • I • I • 'lai • T
Horn. Blood. Phlegm. Choler. Bile.
c[>
* D ♦
White. Redness. Blackness. Yellowness. Green.
$. • D •
• V/-V- • B
Extension. Narrowness. Injustice. Hostility. Theft.
H-
i * As.
Justice. Burning. Law and Order. Going in. Going out.
• Lm© •
Standing. Medicine, Remedy. Walking. Riding. Counsel.
I -fll
in
cb erm
Devotion. Prayer. Contrition. High Priest. Government.
tS * ^ • L • B • ^
Pious, Wicked. Learned. - Just. Philosophy.
[ 22 ]
y7\ . . :g
Eloquence. Opposition. Falsehood. Secrets of Nature.
Q • 5 • *> • K
Casualties. Spiritual Secrets. Art. Weight.
Astronomy. Talismans. Magic. Art of raising and
conjuring Spirits.
This figure is expressive of the most sublime
i 23 ]
■jJecret, called ofigJhally Bahumed and KharuJ (or
calf), viz. The Secret of the nature of the world, or
The Secret of Secrets, or The Beginning and Return
of every thing.
To speak at length of this figure, is more than
the limits of this book allow. W e refer the curious,
who wish for more explanation, to a book, which
we have translated from our JVahalhean language
into Arabic, and entitled : Sun of Suns and Moon of
Moons, illuminating the discovery of the Hermesian
alphabets, of hieroglyphics, where he will be com-
pletely satisfied'.
The’ Hermesians let nobody into the secrets of
their knowledge but their disciples, lest the arts
and sciences should be debased by being common
a'mbngst the vulgar. They hid therelore their
secrets arid treasure's from them by the means of
this alphabet, and by inscriptions, which could be
read by nobody except the sons of wisdom and
learning.
These initiated scholars were divided into four
classes. ‘ Tile first Class comprehended the sect of
the HardmisahAlhawmiy ah, whowere all descendants
of Hermes the Great. They married daughters of
their own race only, and never were allowed to
have any .kind of intercouse with sfr'angefsi No
[ 54 ]
man in the world was acquainted with any of their
secrets; they alone possessed them. They were
the authors of the hooks commonly called the
books of (Enoch). They constructed temples
dedicated to spirits, and buildings of magical wis-
dorn. The few of those, who in our time are ac-
quuinted witli this knowledge, live retired in some
islands near the frontiers of China, and continue
to tread the steps of their forefathers.*
The second class ol the Hermesians, called
rdmisah Alpimhmli'izr^ah, the sons of the brother of
Hermes, whose name was Asclibianos. They mar-
ried within their own families only, and far from
giving their countrymen any kind of trouble, they
became necessary to them in all their business.
The difference between them and the former con-
sisted in the use of perfumes allowed to them, and
m the lihei ty they enjoyed to see their relations
at the entrance of the sun into the several signs of
the zodiac, and at the commencement of each sea-
son. On the latter occasion they had a feast of
seven days. 1 \\o, Alhawmiyah, on the contrary, were
* Perliaps the Brahmans may be here alluded to as the followers
of the Ilermesiiin philosophy. On the intercourse between India,
China, see Sir William Jones’s Annual Discourses in
the Asiatic Uesearches.
[ 25 ]
continually occupied with reading the holy books,
with acts of devotion, and witli fasting. They had
only one feast in the year, lasting eight and twenty
days (a month), beginning at the entrance of the sun
into the sign Aries. At this time they approached
their relations, and enjoyed perfumes and other
pleasures of life. They confessed the unity of God
the Creator of all things. Blessed be his Name!
They never communicated their secrets, and
Hermetic treasures to any body, but they pre-
served them from generation to generation, till
our days.
When a child was born to tliem, the mother
took it to the priest of the temple, where trial of
the children used to be made. She laid it down
on the threshold of the temple without speaking
a word. The priest then came with a golden cup
full of water in his hands, accompanied by six
other priests. He said prayers, and sprinkled
water over the child. If it moved, and turned its
face towards the threshold, the priest took it by
the hand, and conducted it into the interior of the
temple, where there was a coffin prepared on pur-
pose. There they said prayers and performed
ceremonies for an hour. Then the priest covered
the face of the child with a silk handkerchief; a
H
[ 26 ]
o;reen one for «:irls, and a red one for boys ; put
it in the coffin, shut it up,/ and took in his hand a
stick with three heads made of silver, and set with,
jewels and precious stones.
The father, mother, and relations of the child
entered at this moment, and performed- prayers
and hymns in humble devotion. 1 he priest then
struck the coffin with his stafif thrice, and cried
out: “ In the name of the' Lord thy God who
“ created and made thee, exist by his wisdom,
“ speak out the inmost secrets of the events of thy
lifel Amen, Amen, for ever and ever!” The
whole assembly performed seven adorations, and
then stood up. The child said, “ Health and
“ heaven’s blessing to thee!” The priest returned
his greetings, and said “ What is thy name.? In
what consists thy sacrifice, and< what means of
“ subsistence dost thou desire? At what hour hast
“ thou been adorned with this noble body, and these
“ gracious features, (i. e. when wert thou born?)
“ Art thou to remain here as thy brethren, or art
“ thou merely a travelling guest ? I. ask thee in
“ the name of God, the all-vivifying, the un-
“ changeable, the eternal One, without' end or
“ beginning, in whose power are all things visible
“ and invisible, the Lord ol heaven and earth, the
[ 27 ]
“ most High and supreme Being; and I conjure
“ thee to answer and promise, that as long as thou
“ shalt exist in this world, thou wilt never reveal
“ our secrets to any stranger.”
The child promised it in the name of truth,
which is written on the table existing; from the
beginning of things, in the table of Fate preserved
in heaven. The child was then told, that he was
received amongst the number of the wise and
learned, the sons of science ; or amongst the mas-
ters of mechanical arts and works. They con-
versed with him on every subject. They put him
different questions, and heard his answers. A
priest standing by noted the answers on a table of
stone, and hung it up in the temple.
After this, they called the child, opened the
coffin, purified it with fumigations, and performed
a sacrifice consisting of a quadruped, or a bird.
They burnt the blood shed, purified the body, and
wrapt it up'in a piece of fine white linen an hun-
dred and twenty fold for a male, and sixty for a
female. They put it into a pot of earth, and depo-
sited it in the pit of sacrifices. All this was per-
formed according to secret rites known to nobody
but themselves. ’
The coffin mentioned was made in the shape of
[ 28 ]
a little chest, of the lensLth of the child, made of
olive wood, and adorned with gold and precious
stones. If the child happened afterwards to men-
tion this mysterious reception, they rejected it,
saying, “ This child cannot be trusted with our
“ secrets and mysteries, for it may betray them.”
They afterwards brought forward some fault on
•which they grounded their exclusion. If the ini-
tiated person had already grown up, and wished
to withdraw from their order, he was sure to die
within three days.
One of their greatest secrets was involved in the
sacrifice ol their great least. They took seven
bulls and seven rams, and fed them with certain
herbs, called Hashishcit uz Zohrah and ‘I ajuhnalik
and in their language Shikrek^ during seven days,
and gave them purified water to drink. The
seventli day of the week they decked them out
with gold and jewels, and bound them in golden
chaint. The priests sung prayers, hymns, and
psalms in the great temple. The people arranged
in their different classes, worshipped God. The
chief of the sacrificers advanced then, and made
with the triple staff a sign to the bulls and rams,
which, without any other action or impulse, were
thereby delivered from their chains, advanced, and
[ 29 ]
voluntarily stretched out their necks towards the
sacrificer, who immolated them. The heads of
the victims were put in the coflin, and the rest of
their bodies embalmed .with different kinds of
drugs, as aloes, amber, musk, camphor, and sto-
rox, and the great prayer began.
Every priest appeared in the dress of his class,
reading the holy books. They prostrated them-
selves to the earth, remaining thus for a whole
hour, and after they had raised their heads, the
first of the sacrificers began to speak on all the
events to be divined from this. He was followed
by the second and third, and so on till the last.
One of the priests wrote down every speech, the
results of which they compared.
As they practised different rites, the real im-
port and meaning of which nobody could tell but
themselves ; and all this proves sufficiently the
great care with which they kept their secrets
hidden. They said, “ These things are come down
from our father Adam^ Seth,, and Hermes,, or Edris'
(Enoch),, the triple.” There were sundry other par-
ticulars worthy to be mentioned ; but we will not
exceed the bounds of our expressed purpose.
The third class was called Ashrdkiyun (Eastern),
or the children of the sister of Hermes, who is
C 30 ]
known amongk the Greek by the name of Tris"
megistos Thoosdios. This class was intermixed with
some strangers and profane, who found means to
get hold of the expressions of their hearts. Their
sciences and knowledge are come down to us.
The fourth class, denominated Mashdwun^
(walkers^ 07~ peripatetic philosopli/rsj^'w^a^ formed by
the strangers, who found means to mingle with
the children and family of Hermes. They were
the first who introduced the worsliip of the stars
and constellations, and who forsook the worship
of the God of Gods. (Be his glory exalted — there
is no other God but him!) From hence came
their divisions, and every thing that has been
handed down to us, proceeds originally from these
two sects, the Ashrdkrgdn, eastern, and Mas/idwurii
peripatetic philosophers.
Learn then, O reader! the secrets, mysteries,
and treasures of the Hieroglyphics, not to be found,
and not to be discovered any where else. For-
■ merly a knowledge of them could not be acquired
but by immense pains and expense, by a great
number of years, and a long course of travels, and
now lo ! these treasures are laid open for thy en-
jovment. Take possession of them, keep and guard
them with the utmost care and secrecy. Pro-
[ 31 ]
foundly learned philosophers and curious students
only have attained this knowledge. Let us now
proceed to explain the hieroglyphics promised
above.
SECOND SERIES.
Hierogljrphics significant of Words relating to Trees
and Plants^ and their Produce,
^ .y ■ -'f ■ ^
Tree. Vine. Palm Tree. Fruit Tree. Wild Tree.
/vww\'
Plants.
vw
' ¥
Pot Herbs.
Grass, Herbs.
Poisonous Plants.
Medical Plants. Olive Tree.
• V
The Lote Tree.
Mallows. Barley.
Corn. Leaf. Flower.
Root.
3
Rose.
t • 1/
Lint. Tamarisk.
Mandragora.
[ 32 ]
Cypress. Nut Tree. Fruit.
UJ
• ____
Fruit. Peach.
. (5 • 15 • OD
Grape. Pomegranate. Quince. Odoriferous Herbs.
^ • 'hmd • (H •
Basilicon. Ear of Corn, Melilot. Cloves. Indian Aloe.
Spikenard.
w • 4i
fl
Endive.
Lentil. Oil of Plants. Cinnamon.
s • ^ • II • ^
A species of Aloe Bezoar.
called Ud-ul-Bark.
Balsam.
Teriac.
Medicine, Remedy. Compound. Hot.
Dry. Tender, Thin. Thick.
Cold. Wet.
^
< ■ <
Sweet.
Bitter.
[ 33 ]
T ‘ V ' * r ’ Jt
Sour. . Dissolved.
Cut.
Clear. Corroborative,
Purified. Well done. Temperate. Acrid. Dr3'ing.
* V" * A • Ml • @ ,
Distillation. Sublimation. Reversing, Solution, Corrupting.
* A * • tl •
Calcination. Trituration. Grinding. Siftin^.
Mixing.
Oiling.
Purifying.
Tying.
^loistening.
a
Salt.
Vegetable Salt. - Vegetable Water.
9 •
Olive Oil.
Vinegar. Expressed Juice.
I
X
Taifd. A.
Apple. Kasfarat. A. > Sesame.
Citron. Honey. I
X • ® • tin • 4 • -ff'
Sabar. A. Myrrh. Safron. Gum Sandres. Mdmisd. A.
§ * ^ * A
Gum. Mulberry. Fig.
Indian Spikenard. Pruin, Plum.
Storax. Frankincense.
/<2X - ® • S
Civet. Musk. Amber.
laudanum. Pitch.
Naptha.
ir-<^
Manna. Hasak. A.
A
AAA
TMumiya, viz. Sweet Marjoram,
the drugs used
for embalming.
f -V
?
Gh&nkkn. A.
»
Rue.
Onion. Linseed. Cotton.'
.'[ 35 ]
c
• Y •
w
• s
Silk.
Zavmirdn. A.
An Herb.
Swallow Wort.
Sugar.
• • • •
• ^ •
a •
X
Sikardn. A.
. &
Khulanjdn, A.
1 •
Camomile.
AaA
AAA
Kantariyun. A,
« t
Galingale. Mdzari^un. A. A Kind of Berry. A.
Now we have to mention, if it pleases God, the
• hieroglyphical figures for minerals, or the Third
'Series of Hieroglyphics.
The philosopher Dusham mentions these signs
in his book on the qualities of planets and minerals.
He used this alphabet to design their secret qua-
lities. Learn it, 'and keep it well, O reader, for it
is one of the profoundest secrets.
[ 36]
THE FOURTH SERIES.
Hieroglyphics expressive of Words and Ideas belon
to Minerals,
gmg
f •
A Mine. Gold.
O
Silver.
Stone.
A
Jewel.
? • 9
Serpentine Stone. Quicksilver. Crystal. Brass,
Magnesia, Marcasite. Gold Marcasite. Bronze, Talc.
Tutty. Cinnabar.
~ • o
JNIineral Water. Antimony.
y
• cA) • ° — ° *
Lead.
Magnet.
Powder.
Iron.
. i . .
Chalk.
Borax,
Clay,
Burnt Clay.
Pure Iron.
Ashes, -
[ 37 ]
White Lead,
Salb. A. Banndkan. A. Calcined Iron.
Alkali.
• i *
Bdruk. A.
Allum,
Natron.
pj.n
c O 3 ,
• 1
Fire Stone.
Talc.
Tut'ir. A
mn
Tin.
n •
Balkhash. A.
Turkois,
Cj •
Green Vitriol.
][
Borax.
/V\A
Unrefined Borax. Onyx.
{^3-8-n
Ruby. Lapis Lazuli. Emerald.
Kaddn. A. Cornelian.
^ ^
Coral. Nurah. A. Sal Ammoniac.
'h • Y * • "tj
Goal. Orpiment, Arsenic. Red Orpiraent. Red Clay.
[ 38 ]
^ ^ •
White Clay. Iiahaj-&sfar, A.
:
:
Glass. Hajar J abasia, A.
A Species of Green Stone.
Sulphur. Sakhar. A. A Yellow Stone.
Kbam/ihdn. A. A Kind of Emerald. Agate. A Green Stone.
5 *
Adamantine Spar. Sawdn. A. Shdzanak. A. Serpent Stone.
'1"' *
Bitumen. Diamond.
A Censer. Iron chain.
^ • u
A Transparent Cutting of Solution of Trituration of
Stone. Stones. Stones. Slones.
Engraving
of Stones.
<5> •
ITajar-vs- A Kind of
sabaj. A. Shell.
A Snail Shell, tlnjar
, Hindi, A.
[ 39 ]
Hajar-ur-rahd. A.
1 •
Hajar-ur- Ilajar-ul-md. A. Coals.
rakhxva, A.
Crucible.
^ .
Artificial Well. Kh&rstni. A. Fixed Quicksilver.
Trituration of Stones. Composition of Stones. Marble Stone.
Calcination of Stones. Bezoar.
Silver Magnet. Blood Stone.
^ ' • i| • ^
Hajanul-Khattdf. A. Rain Stone. Rock Salt. Naptha Stone.
Hail ?
Kuisur. A. Uajar samdut. A.
Amad. A. Instrument for
Cutting.
* 1 •
Serpentine Stone.
Collyrium.
/ii *
s
Breaking and
A Pestle and
Cleaving.
Mortar.
[ 40 ]
^ ^ . □
Kitahat-ul-Hajar. A. Water springing Hercometry particularly
from the Rock. applied to Stone.
And here end the figures of the hieroglj^phics,
which we have found, and can make out.
We have mentioned only those we are certain
of, but these we know to be exact and right. Per-
haps every one of these figures may have had more
than one signification, according to tlie dlfiferent
classes of priests, who wishing to hide their secrets
one from the other, gave their signs different
meanings.
God is the leader to the best.
[ 41 ]
APPENDIX.
Antidiluvian Alphabets preserved b}' the JYabatheans^
Chaldeans^ and Sabeans,
The first called the alphabet, used for
writing sentences of wisdom on clay, which being
burnt became pottery (v. orig. p. 11 4-)
The following alphabet was also used by the
Pharaohs, who convinced of its being an antidilu-
vian one, used to write with it the books of prayer
and liturgies, which they used in their temples
before their gods.
I have myself seen in Upper Egypt, inscription
tables and stones engraved with this alphabet.
The Pharaohs firmly believed in its antiquity, and
the Nabatheans and Chaldeans continued in the
same opinion (v. orig. p. II5.)
■ The original alphabets, from which all other
ancient and modern ones have been derived, are
no more than three.
K
[42 ]
1. The old Syrian alphabet, or the first original
divine alphabet, taught by God the Almighty to
Adam.
2. The Celestial alphabet, or the alphabet in
which the books which Seth (health be with him)
received from heaven were written.
3. The alphabet oj Enoch brought down by the
angel Gabriel.
This opinion is generally received and agreed
upon by dilferent'nations and sects.
Chanukha has confirmed the truth in his books.
Agalhodaimon is of the same opinion in his book
on secret things. He says, that all divine (inspired)
legislators have preserved their secrets in one of
these three alphabets. The indication of this great
man was our guide, we have collected and copied
these alphabets, according to his opinions and
belief. Pay attention, in order that thou mayst
walk in the right path.
■ The Sj^rian alphabet had, according to the
opinion of the most learned men, the following
characters (v. orig. p. 117)»
These, however, were the figures of the letters
in the earliest ages, which were changed by time,
as you may perceive (v. orig. p. 11 8).
This is the alphabet in which Adam (peace be
[ 43 ]
With him) wrote his books. Who says the con-
trary says fiilsehood, and God knows the best.
On the ShimsMm Alphabet.
It was inspired by divine revelation, and vai ied
in four different manners by the people who used
it, viz. the Hennesians, the JYabatheans, the Sabeansj
and Chaldeans. These are the four most ancient
people, from whom all modern nations have deri-
ved their writing.
The characters of the Hermesians, with the par-
ticular names
and powers
of their letters.
Character.
Name.
Power.
Aylium
A.
S
Tawuk
I or Y.
V
zD
0 11
Kd-a
K hard.
t
Ghiwd
Gh.
Bidam
B.
[ 4-1 ]
Character,
Name.
Power.
n
Kaghach
K soft.
*
Run
t
R.
I
Jahum
J English.
A
Ska
Sli ditto.
V
Danaz
D.
Mdjrib
M.
Tanras.
T.
i
E3
Hin
H soft.
N.
Thanad
Th m Think.
1
Wu Awd
w, u.
«oD 0/
[ 45 ]
Character.
Name,
Saparam
Khayuri
Zid
Zalap
Takar
JHfisat
Fisal
Power.
S.
Kh. ■
Z.
L.
(0 A.
(li) Z.
(u®) •
Z.
W T.
H //a/ c?.
Lughaf
Aay
Zayum
Sikdm
F.
[46]
Character,
Name.
Power;
r
Zanaz
(ui)Z-
Chil
Ch English.
Kam
A kind of hard K.
1
JVqyim
A kind c/N.
irp
Pap.
P.
Kal
A kind of K.
Z ay map
A kind of Z.
0
Ham
A sort of soft H.
#
Japlat
A kind of f -English.
Jasaz.
A kind of compound of Ch. and Z,
Jciyigh.
J Fiench.
[ 47 ]
Many of these letters are not used either in
Araljic or Persian, except by those who have the
lvnowlcdg;e ol this language. They are arranged
in a contrary order to that commonly received ol
A, B: C. The order in which they are disposed,
is lonndv'd on the nature of their language. Un-
del stand this, that thou rnayst go the right way.
The Nabatheans gave the preference to the
figures of animals, disposed according to their
natural order, and each of these figures had its
secret signification, viz.
It they wished to express a powerful, brave,
cunning, and avaricious king, they painted the
figure of a man with the head of a lion, pointing
with one of his fingers to a fox before him. If
they wished to express the attribute of under-
standing, sagacity, and wisdom, they represented
a man with tlie head of an elephant, pointing with
one of his fingers to a sitting ape. If they wished
to give him the attributes of justice, generosity, and
liberality, they drew a man with a bird’s head, and
before him a balance, a sun, and a moon. If they
meant to represent him cruel, faithless, and igno-
rant they gave him a dog’s, ass’s, or boar’s head,
with a pot of fire, and a sword before him.
A sick, weak, and decrepid man was represented
[ 48 I
by the figure of a man, followed by the figures
and before him the figure of
Saturn, sometimes with the figures | ^ pM.
A man killed by violent death, was represented
by the figure of a man with the head of an owl, or
a bat, and behind him a scorpion with the character
and the figure of the devil behind him, with
these characters ^ ^ "y* *
If he was poisoned, he was represented with
a crab’s, or beetle’s head, and a glass, or bowl,
before him, and the characters B i T •
’ AWA 1 ^
Death occasioned by plague, a hot fever, or cor-
ruption of the blood and the humours, was repre-
sented by a man sitting in a chair, with an arrow
in his hand and over his head a upon th$
back of the chair, and before him the figures
^/WVSA^
s n j 3;
[ 49 ]
Honours, authority, and a comfortable situation,
were designed by a man holding in his hand a
ball, or circle, upon his head a crown, before him
a raven, and behind him a dog, with these charac-
ters in a circle round them
A man of perfect wisdom and understanding,
accomplished in all his ways, and without the least
blame, was painted with a beautiful face, with wings
like an angel, holding in his hands a book, in
which he looked, a sword and a balance, and be-
hind him two vases, one of them full of water, and
the other of blazing fire. Under his right foot a
ball, with a crab painted on it, and under his left
a deep pot full of serpents, scorpions, and diffe*
rent reptiles, the covering of which had the shape
of an eagle’s head.
See, my son ! these are the secrets of these
people, with which nobody was acquainted but
themselves. I have seen, in one of the hierogly-
phical buildings in Upper Egypt, the represen-
tation I am going to describe.
[ 50 ]
This building was a temple of the Lord Adonai,
whom sun and moon serve. It represented a coffin,
adorned with curious figures and admirable orna-
ments. A vine growing, with its leaves spread
over it. The Lord (God) was standing upon the
coffin, with a staff in his hand, out of the end of
which a tree shot forth and overshadowed it.
Behind the coffin was seen a pit full of blazing
fire, and four angels catching serpents, scorpions,
and other noxious reptiles, throwing them into it.
On his head a crown of glory ; on his right the sun,
and on his left the moon, and in his hand a ring, with
the twelve signs of the zodiac. Before the coffin,
an olive tree sprouted forth, under the brandies
of which different kind of animals were collected.
On the left, and a little further back, a high
mountain was seen, with seven golden towers sup-
porting the sky. A hand stretched forth from
this sky, poured out light, and pointed with his
fingers to the olive tree. There was also the figure
of a man, whose head was in the sky, and whose
feet were on the earth. His hands and feet were
bound. Before the Lord stood seven censers, two
pots, a vase filled with perlumes, spices, and a
bottle with a long neck (retort), containing storax.
The hieroglyphic representing day, Avas under his
[ 51 J
right foot, and the hieroglypliic representing night
under his left. Before the Lord was laid, on a
ngr es -, the book of universal nature, where-
on a representation and names of the planets the
-nstelLtmns, the stations, and every^hinl t 1
- found in the highest heaven, was paiLed. There
was a, 30 an urn filled half with earth and half with
nd, (viz. the hieroglyphics of earth and sand
being represented therein^ A j .
lines, the four elements, the fivure r.r ,
■h™ ™ V ‘'I- “
part. It ,s impossible to embrace here the whT
extent of this knowledge We l.= , T ^ ®
, ground of the businesi givin ^*ie
of things in general the' ^ '■^Presentation
of the world The,e i • . ®^'=rets
1... 0... "r “»
Here follows one of the hidden alphabets above
mentioned (see orig. p. 129)*
The next following alphabet was used by the
Sabeans in their talismans, magical alarm-posts,
and astrological conjuration tables.
Agathodaimon says, that it is from this source he
drew the art of his talismans, in which he is un-
paralleled among either ancients or moderns.
Learn,' therefore, and comprehend this alphabet.
(see orig. p. 130.) r *
The Chaldeans were the wisest men ot their
times, being well acquainted with every science
and art. Their first equals and rivals were the
Curds. But, however, there is as great a difference
between these two nations, as between a glow worm
and ^ fixed star.* The first superiority the Curds
had over them, was in agriculture and botany.
They pretended to descend from the sons oi Bine-
shad, and to have got possession of the books of
Adam on agriculture, and of the books of Safuth
and Coothami. They pretended to have all the
seven antediluvian books inspired by heaven.
They pietended to possess the art of magic and
. Being impossible to render 'in English the likeness of sounds
between turab and thura, it has been thought proper to translate
glm-mrm and,/f,«d star, instead o( dmt and Pleiades.
[ 53 ]
talismans, but this is not so ; for all these sciences
were handed down to them from the OhaldeanSj
who first cultivated them. This pretension to
the antiquity of their learning, is the reason of
the inveterate hatred between the Chaldeans and
Curds.
The oldest Chaldean alphabet (see orig. p. 132).
Another Chaldean alphabet (see orig. p. 133).
Another old unknown alphabet (see orig. p. 134).
This the Curds falsely pretend to be the alpha-
bet, in which Bhmshdd and Mdssi Surdli composed
all their scientific and mechanical works.
We are ignorant to what alphabet these letters
belong, as we never could make out the language
which they express ; but I saw at Bagdad, thirty-
three inscriptions written in this alphabet.
During my stay at Damascus, I met with two
books, one of them on the culture of the vine and the
palm tree^ the other on water, and the means of find-
ing it out in unknown ground. I translated them
both from the Curdic language into Arabic, for
the benefit of mankind. This is the reason this
treatise was not finished before. I finished it at
last, with Heaven’s assistance, after one and twenty
years, and have, by the grace of God, attained the
object proposed. I deposited it in the treasury of
[ 54 ]
the Calif Abd-ul-malik bin Marwdn : be his reign
glorious, and may he be the everlasting column of
the faith I
%
Tuesday, the third of the month of Ramazan^
ill the year two hundred and forty-one after the
Hijrah.
Praised he God 1
The first copy of the manuscript before us, was
taken from the original by Hasan Bin Faraj^ Bin
AH, Bin Hdvyud, Bin Sindn, Bin Thcibat, Bin Karra
al Harrdni, A I Bdbali, An JVukdm, I’uesday the
seventh of the month oi’ Rabi-ul dkhir, in the year
four hundred and thirteen of the Hijrah ; and this
copy (the one from which this was printed), which
was made from it, was begun Monday the second
of the month of Muharrain^ in the year of the
Hijrahi one thousand, one hundred, and sixty-six.
And it was finished on Friday, the tenth of the
month of Jamddi id Akhir^ of the same year.
FINIS.
frintcd by W. Bulmcr and Co. Clcveland-row,
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